Expressions and operators

his chapter describes JavaScript expressions and operators, including assignment, comparison, arithmetic, bitwise, logical, string, and special operators.

Expressions

 An expression is any valid set of literals, variables, operators, and expressions that evaluates to a single value; the value can be a number, a string, or a logical value.

Conceptually, there are two types of expressions: those that assign a value to a variable, and those that simply have a value. For example, the expression
x = 7 is an expression that assigns x the value seven. This expression itself evaluates to seven. Such expressions use assignment operators. On the other hand, the expression 3 + 4 simply evaluates to seven; it does not perform an assignment. The operators used in such expressions are referred to simply as operators.

JavaScript has the following types of expressions:

The special keyword null denotes a null value. In contrast, variables that have not been assigned a value are undefined and will cause a runtime error if used as numbers or as numeric variables. Array elements that have not been assigned a value, however, evaluate to false. For example, the following code executes the function myFunction because the array element is not defined:

myArray=new Array()
if (!myArray["notThere"])
   myFunction()

Conditional expressions

 A conditional expression can have one of two values based on a condition. The syntax is

(condition) ? val1 : val2
If condition is true, the expression has the value of val1. Otherwise it has the value of val2. You can use a conditional expression anywhere you would use a standard expression.

For example,

status = (age >= 18) ? "adult" : "minor"
This statement assigns the value "adult" to the variable status if age is eighteen or greater. Otherwise, it assigns the value "minor" to status.

Operators

 JavaScript has assignment, comparison, arithmetic, bitwise, logical, string, and special operators. This section describes the operators and contains information about operator precedence.

There are both binary and unary operators. A binary operator requires two operands, one before the operator and one after the operator:

operand1 operator operand2
For example, 3+4 or x*y.

A unary operator requires a single operand, either before or after the operator:

operator operand
or

operand operator
For example, x++ or ++x.

Assignment operators

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand. The basic assignment operator is equal (=), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x.

The other operators are shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following table:

Shorthand operator
Meaning
x += y
x = x + y
x -= y
x = x - y
x *= y
x = x * y
x /= y
x = x / y
x %= y
x = x % y
x <<= y
x = x << y
x >>= y
x = x >> y
x >>>= y
x = x >>> y
x &= y
x = x & y
x ^= y
x = x ^ y
x |= y
x = x | y

Comparison operators

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical value based on whether the comparison is true or not. The operands can be numerical or string values. When used on string values, the comparisons are based on the standard lexicographical ordering. They are described in the following table.

Operator Description Example
Equal (= =)
Returns true if the operands are equal.
x == y returns true if x equals y.
Not equal (!=)
Returns true if the operands are not equal.
x != y returns true if x is not equal to y.
Greater than (>)
Returns true if left operand is greater than right operand.
x > y returns true if x is greater than y.
Greater than or equal (>=)
Returns true if left operand is greater than or equal to right operand.
x >= y returns true if x is greater than or equal to y.
Less than (<)
Returns true if left operand is less than right operand.
x < y returns true if x is less than y.
Less than or equal (<=)
Returns true if left operand is less than or equal to right operand.
x <= y returns true if x is less than or equal to y.

Arithmetic operators

Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value. The standard arithmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/). These operators work as they do in other programming languages.

Modulus (%)

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The modulus operator is used as follows:

var1 % var2
The modulus operator returns the first operand modulo the second operand, that is, var1 modulo var2, in the preceding statement, where var1 and var2 are variables. The modulo function is the floating-point remainder of dividing var1 by var2. For example, 12 % 5 returns 2.

Increment (++)

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The increment operator is used as follows:

var++ or ++var

This operator increments (adds one to) its operand and returns a value. If used postfix, with operator after operand (for example, x++), then it returns the value before incrementing. If used prefix with operator before operand (for example, ++x), then it returns the value after incrementing.

For example, if x is three, then the statement y = x++ sets y to three and increments x to four. If x is three, then the statement y = ++x increments x to four and sets y to four.

Decrement (--)

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The decrement operator is used as follows:

var-- or --var

This operator decrements (subtracts one from) its operand and returns a value. If used postfix (for example, x--), then it returns the value before decrementing. If used prefix (for example, --x), then it returns the value after decrementing.

For example, if x is three, then the statement y = x-- sets y to three and decrements x to two. If x is three, then the statement y = --x decrements x to two and sets y to two.

Unary negation (-)

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The unary negation precedes its operand and negates it. For example, x = -x negates the value of x; that is, if x were three, it would become -3.

Bitwise operators

Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of bits (zeros and ones), rather than as decimal, hexadecimal, or octal numbers. For example, the decimal number nine has a binary representation of 1001. Bitwise operators perform their operations on such binary representations, but they return standard JavaScript numerical values.

The following table summarizes JavaScript's bitwise operators

Operator Usage Description
Bitwise AND
a & b
Returns a one in each bit position if bits of both operands are ones.
Bitwise OR
a | b
Returns a one in a bit if bits of either operand is one.
Bitwise XOR
a ^ b
Returns a one in a bit position if bits of one but not both operands are one.
Bitwise NOT
~ a
Flips the bits of its operand.
Left shift
a << b
Shifts a in binary representation b bits to left, shifting in zeros from the right.
Sign-propagating right shift
a >> b
Shifts a in binary representation b bits to right, discarding bits shifted off.
Zero-fill right shift
a >>> b
Shifts a in binary representation b bits to the right, discarding bits shifted off, and shifting in zeros from the left.

Bitwise logical operators

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The bitwise logical operators work conceptually as follows:

For example, the binary representation of nine is 1001, and the binary representation of fifteen is 1111. So, when the bitwise operators are applied to these values, the results are as follows:

Bitwise shift operators
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
The bitwise shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used.

Shift operators convert their operands to thirty-two-bit integers and return a result of the same type as the left operator.

Left shift

This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the left. Excess bits shifted off to the left are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the right.

For example, 9<<2 yields thirty-six, because 1001 shifted two bits to the left becomes 100100, which is thirty-six.

Sign-propagating right shift

This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Copies of the leftmost bit are shifted in from the left.

For example, 9>>2 yields two, because 1001 shifted two bits to the right becomes 10, which is two. Likewise, -9>>2 yields -3, because the sign is preserved.

Zero-fill right shift

This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the left.

For example, 19>>>2 yields four, because 10011 shifted two bits to the right becomes 100, which is four. For non-negative numbers, zero-fill right shift and sign-propagating right shift yield the same result.

Logical operators

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
Logical operators take Boolean (logical) values as operands and return a Boolean value. They are described in the following table.

Operator Usage Description
and (&&)
expr1 && expr2
Returns true if both logical expressions expr1 and expr2 are true. Otherwise, returns false.
or (||)
expr1 || expr2
Returns true if either logical expression expr1 or expr2 is true. If both are false, returns false.
not (!)
!expr
If expr is true, returns false; if expr is false, returns true.

Short-circuit evaluation

As logical expressions are evaluated left to right, they are tested for possible "short-circuit" evaluation using the following rules:

The rules of logic guarantee that these evaluations are always correct. Note that the anything part of the above expressions is not evaluated, so any side effects of doing so do not take effect.

String operators

Implemented in Navigator 2.0
In addition to the comparison operators, which can be used on string values, the concatenation operator (+) concatenates two string values together, returning another string that is the union of the two operand strings. For example, "my " + "string" returns the string "my string".

The shorthand assignment operator += can also be used to concatenate strings. For example, if the variable mystring has the value "alpha," then the expression mystring += "bet" evaluates to "alphabet" and assigns this value to mystring.

Special operators

new
Implemented in Navigator 2.0
You can use the new operator to create an instance of a user-defined object type or of one of the built-in object types Array, Boolean, Date, Function, Math, Number, or String. Use new as follows:

objectName = new objectType ( param1 [,param2] ...[,paramN] )
For more information, see "new".

typeof

Implemented in Navigator 3.0
The typeof operator is used in either of the following ways:

1. typeof operand
2. typeof (operand)
The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of the unevaluated operand. operand is the string, variable, keyword, or object for which the type is to be returned. The parentheses are optional.

Suppose you define the following variables:

var myFun = new Function("5+2")
var shape="round"
var size=1
var today=new Date()
The typeof operator returns the following results for these variables:

typeof myFun is object
typeof shape is string
typeof size is number
typeof today is object
typeof dontExist is undefined
For the keywords true and null, the typeof operator returns the following results:

typeof true is boolean
typeof null is object
For a number or string, the typeof operator returns the following results:

typeof 62 is number
typeof 'Hello world' is string
For property values, the typeof operator returns the type of value the property contains:

typeof document.lastModified is string
typeof window.length is number
typeof Math.LN2 is number
For methods and functions, the typeof operator returns results as follows:

typeof blur is function
typeof eval is function
typeof parseInt is function
typeof shape.split is function
For objects, the typeof operator returns results as follows:

typeof Date is function
typeof Function is function
typeof Math is function
typeof Option is function
typeof String is function

void
Implemented in Navigator 3.0
The void operator is used in either of the following ways:

1. javascript:void (expression)
2. javascript:void expression
The void operator specifies an expression to be evaluated without returning a value. expression is a JavaScript expression to evaluate. The parentheses surrounding the expression are optional, but it is good style to use them.

You can use the void operator to specify an expression as a hypertext link. The expression is evaluated but is not loaded in place of the current document.

The following code creates a hypertext link that does nothing when the user clicks it. When the user clicks the link, void(0) evaluates to 0, but that has no effect in JavaScript.

<A HREF="javascript:void(0)">Click here to do nothing</A>
The following code creates a hypertext link that submits a form when the user clicks it.

<A HREF="javascript:void(document.form.submit())">Click here to submit</A>
For information on creating hypertext links, see "Area" and "Link object".

Operator precedence

The precedence of operators determines the order they are applied when evaluating an expression. You can override operator precedence by using parentheses.

The following table describes the precedence of operators, from lowest to highest:

Operator Examples
assignment
= += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= >>>= &= ^= |=
conditional
?:
logical-or
||
logical-and
&&
bitwise-or
|
bitwise-xor
^
bitwise-and
&
equality
== !=
relational
< <= > >=
bitwise shift
<< >> >>>
addition/subtraction
+ -
multiply/divide
* / %
negation/increment
! ~ - ++ -- typeof void
call, member
() [] .